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When was the last time you checked the ingredients in your skincare products?
Many of us focus on active ingredients like retinol or vitamin C, but it’s just as important to know about the preservatives that keep your cosmetics fresh.
While preservatives play a critical role in keeping your products safe, they can also pose some health risks. In this guide, we’ll break down the purpose of preservatives in cosmetics, the potential health concerns, and how to switch to natural alternatives for a healthier skincare routine.
What are preservatives and where are they found?
Preservatives are used to prevent microbial growth, mold formation, and spoilage in cosmetic products, especially those containing water. These ingredients help keep your cosmetics viable by ensuring they don’t go bad. Without them, skincare products would have a very short shelf life, making them impractical for long-term use.
Preservatives are commonly found in:
- Moisturizers
- Foundations
- Cleansers
- Shampoos
- Body lotions
- Sunscreens
You might not realize it, but even natural or organic products often include preservatives to ensure they remain safe to use over time. However, some of the most widely used preservatives have raised concerns due to their potential effects on health.
Health concerns around preservatives in cosmetics
While preservatives are essential for product safety, some have been linked to health concerns. Let’s look at the key issues and the preservatives responsible for each:
Endocrine disruption
Parabens, such as methylparaben and propylparaben, have been studied for their potential to interfere with hormone function. According to a study by the National Institutes of Health, parabens can mimic estrogen, and some researchers have found parabens in breast cancer tissue, although there’s no definitive causal link.
Skin irritation and sensitization
Preservatives like phenoxyethanol and methylisothiazolinone are known to cause skin irritation, especially for sensitive individuals. Phenoxyethanol, found in moisturizers and sunscreens, can lead to contact dermatitis. Methylisothiazolinone has been widely restricted due to its association with allergic reactions.
Formaldehyde exposure
Certain preservatives release formaldehyde over time, such as DMDM hydantoin and quaternium-15. Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen and can lead to irritation of the skin, eyes, and respiratory system when inhaled in high quantities, according to Health Canada.
Carcinogenic potential
Formaldehyde-releasing agents like diazolidinyl urea and quaternium-15 have been flagged as potentially carcinogenic. These ingredients are often found in products like shampoos and lotions to extend their shelf life, but long-term exposure is a health concern.
15 Preservatives to watch out for
Here’s a quick list of some of the most common preservatives you’ll encounter in cosmetics, what they do, and why you might want to avoid them:
| Preservative | Description | Commonly found | Concerns |
| Parabens (methylparaben, propylparaben, etc.) | Prevents bacteria and mold growth in products. | Moisturizers, foundations, deodorants | Endocrine disruption, potential hormone mimicry |
| Phenoxyethanol | Broad-spectrum preservative. | Lotions, sunscreens, makeup | Skin irritation, contact dermatitis |
| Methylisothiazolinone | Preservative associated with allergic reactions. | Shampoos, conditioners | Allergic reactions, skin sensitization |
| DMDM hydantoin | Releases formaldehyde to prevent microbial growth. | Hair care products | Formaldehyde exposure, carcinogenic potential |
| Quaternium-15 | Releases formaldehyde over time to extend product shelf life. | Shampoos, conditioners, lotions | Formaldehyde release, linked to skin sensitization and cancer risks |
| Diazolidinyl urea | Releases formaldehyde over time to extend product shelf life. | Shampoos, conditioners | Formaldehyde release, potential carcinogenicity |
| Potassium sorbate | Prevents mold and yeast growth. | Natural skincare products | Mild irritation in some individuals |
| Isothiazolinone | Used in rinse-off and leave-on products. | Leave-on products like lotions, sunscreens | Skin sensitization, allergic reactions |
| Benzyl alcohol | Preservative found in many natural products. | Natural skincare products | Irritation in sensitive individuals |
| Sodium benzoate | Prevents mold and bacteria in cosmetics. | Skincare and food products | Irritation, especially with other ingredients like vitamin C |
| Propylparaben | Prevents microbial growth. | Moisturizers, foundations, deodorants | Hormone disruption concerns |
| Benzoic acid | Prevents mold and bacteria. | Skincare and cosmetics | Mild irritation in sensitive skin |
| Dehydroacetic acid | Synthetic preservative used in natural products. | Natural cosmetics | Less effective than stronger preservatives |
| Benzalkonium chloride | Used as an antimicrobial in disinfectants and some cosmetics. | Hand sanitizers, lotions, eye drops | Linked to occupational asthma and respiratory irritation |
| Triclosan (TSC) | Commonly found in antibacterial products, used for its antimicrobial properties. | Antibacterial soaps, toothpastes, cosmetics | Thyroid disruption, promotes antibiotic resistance, environmental harm |
Tips to navigate around harmful preservatives in cosmetics
Navigating the world of skincare can feel overwhelming, especially when trying to avoid harmful preservatives. The good news is that with a few mindful changes, you can make a big impact on the safety of your products.
Here are five tips to help you avoid potentially harmful preservatives while keeping your skincare routine fresh, effective, and low tox.
1. Look for these natural ingredients instead
Switching to natural preservatives doesn’t mean sacrificing the safety of your products. Keep an eye out for these safer alternatives when reading labels:
- Ethylhexylglycerin: A natural preservative booster with moisturizing properties.
- Glyceryl caprylate: A mild antimicrobial derived from coconut oil, great for sensitive skin.
- Grapefruit seed extract: A natural antimicrobial, though more effective when combined with other preservatives.
- p-Anisic acid: Derived from anise, a mild and effective preservative for skincare.
- Citric acid: Helps balance pH and inhibits microbial growth, gentle on the skin.
These natural alternatives are often found in cleaner, more eco-friendly skincare products and can help you avoid harsher chemicals.
2. Opt for oil-based or anhydrous products
Water-based products are more prone to microbial growth, which means they often require more preservatives. A simple solution is to switch to oil-based or anhydrous (water-free) products.
Oil-based serums, balms, and solid moisturizers are less likely to need preservatives, making them a fantastic low tox option.
Plus, they tend to be rich in nourishing ingredients that are great for skin hydration.
3. Try making your own skincare products
If you want full control over what goes into your skincare, why not try making your own? DIY skincare recipes allow you to use fresh, preservative-free ingredients tailored to your skin type.
You can make simple products like oil blends, body butters, or face masks using easily accessible, natural ingredients. Just be sure to store your creations properly and use them within a short period since they won’t have preservatives to extend shelf life.
Our guide to natural skincare is great pre-read if you plan to go this route.
4. Take it one swap at a time
Overhauling your entire skincare routine all at once can be overwhelming. Instead, focus on replacing one product at a time. Start with the products you use the most or those that sit on your skin for extended periods, like moisturizers and serums.
Gradually replacing these items with low tox alternatives will make the process more manageable, and you’ll feel more confident with each swap.
5. Choose reputable clean beauty brands
An impactful way to avoid harmful preservatives is to support clean beauty brands that prioritize safety and transparency. These brands often offer fully disclosed ingredient lists and commit to avoiding toxic chemicals.
Look for brands that focus on natural ingredients, safe preservation methods, and sustainable practices. Doing a little research upfront can lead to finding products that align with your low tox values and make it easier to stick with healthier options.
Here are some low tox products to help get you started:
Redefine your skincare routine with safe, effective products
By making informed choices about the preservatives in your cosmetics, you’re taking a big step toward healthier skin and a more natural lifestyle. Take your time, research ingredients, and gradually swap out products to build a skincare routine that works for you.
